@prefix ns0: <https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .

<https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/fa514134-ff56-47d1-bc02-6b8568ad21e7>
  ns0:reference [ ] ;
  skos:changeNote """2022-02-20 12:00:10.0 [tstevens]  
update Definition (NWS); 
""", """2021-11-16 13:55:19.0 [tstevens] Move Concepts 
delete broader relation (null); 
add broader relation (DROPWINDSONDES [fa514134-ff56-47d1-bc02-6b8568ad21e7,826924] - Dropwindsondes [2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4,835878]); 
""", """2021-11-16 13:53:56.0 [tstevens] Move Concepts 
delete broader relation (null); 
add broader relation (DROPWINDSONDES [fa514134-ff56-47d1-bc02-6b8568ad21e7,826924] - Balloons [90077852-8e6b-4f16-92b3-24a52eecdd4a,835877]); 
""" ;
  skos:broader <https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4> ;
  skos:prefLabel "DROPWINDSONDES"@en ;
  skos:inScheme <https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concepts/concept_scheme/platforms> ;
  skos:definition """Dropwindsondes are weather instruments that collect atmospheric
 data as they descend after being dropped from research
 aircraft.  These dropwindsondes obtain vertical profiles of
 wind, temperature, and humidity from 400mb to the surface.
 This data is then ingested by numerical numerical models to
 come up with hurricane track and intensity forecasts.  These
 observations provide grid points of observations over the
 tropical oceans which are generally devoid of weather
 observations.  Aberson and Franklin (1999) state that "accurate
 modeling of tropical cyclone motion and intensity requires both
 realistic numerical models and accurate representation of
 meteorological fields through the depth of the troposphere on a
 variety of scales."  While models have greatly improved over
 the past 20 years, significant forecast improvements are still
 possible by decreasing the analysis error.  This has been the
 primary goal of the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) branch of
 NOAA.  This is wh!  y NOAA has procured a new generation of
 dropwindsondes based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) as
 well a Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft (G-IV).  A study of the
 impact of the new dropwindsondes' observations on hurricane
 forecast models was conducted by Aberson and Frankilin in 1997.

 In the 1997 study about 30 dropwindsondes were used during each
 mission.  These observations were then put into the Geophysical
 Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and VICBAR hurricane models
 and the Global Spectral Model (GSM) using the National Center
 for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation
 (GDAS).  GDAS uses a quality control algorithm, synthetic data
 and analysis procedures, and the Global Spectral Model in its
 data assimilation.  Further information about the data
 assimilation can be found in Aberson and Franklin (1999).

 For the study NCEP's GSM is run and is used as the boundary
 conditions for the HRD's barotropic model (VICBAR) and the GFDL
 model.  The track forecasts of the GSM, VICBAR, and GFDL models
 were compared to the CLIPER model to calculate track errors and
 the SHIFOR model to calculate intensity errors.  The CLIPER and
 SHIFOR models are statistical regression models which use only
 climatology and persistence in their forecasts.

 More info at:
 "http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/education/spring2000/louisb/Results.html"

[Source: Reuters]"""@en ;
  a skos:Concept .

<https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/2f8b489b-a1d3-43ff-baf4-935ceac2c4d4>
  skos:prefLabel "Dropwindsondes"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://gcmd.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/fa514134-ff56-47d1-bc02-6b8568ad21e7> .